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Psychology
Review Essays of Academic, Professional & Technical Books in the Humanities & Sciences
Taking Biology Seriously: What Biology Can and Cannot Tell Us About Moral and Public Policy by Inmaculada de Melo-Martin (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers) (Paperback) Discussions of human biology and its consequences for ethics and public policy are often misguided. Both proponents and critics of behavioral genetics, reproductive cloning, and genetic testing have mistaken beliefs about the role of genes in human life. Taking Biology Seriously calls attention to the social context in which both the science and our ethical precepts and public policies play a role. More
Liberation Biology: The Scientific And Moral Case For The Biotech Revolution by Ronald Bailey (Prometheus Books) In this book the author argues that the coming biotechnology revolution will liberate human beings to achieve their full potentials by enabling more of us to live flourishing lives free of disease, disability, and the threat of early death. More
Decoding the Ethics Code: A Practical Guide for Psychologists by Celia B.
Fisher
(Sage) introduces psychologists, professionals with whom they work, and the
public to the 2002 American
Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct. The book helps psychologists apply the Ethics Code to the constantly
changing scientific, professional, and legal realities of the discipline. Author
Celia B. Fisher addresses the revised format, choice of wording, aspirational
rationale, and enforceability of the code and puts these changes into practical
perspective for psychologists.
Decoding the Ethics Code
provides in-depth discussions of the foundation and application of each ethical
standard to the broad spectrum of scientific, teaching, and professional roles
of psychologists. This unique guide helps psychologists effectively use ethical
principles and standards to morally conduct their work activities, avoid ethical
violations, and, most importantly, preserve and protect the fundamental rights
and welfare of those whom they serve.
Decoding the Ethics Code
features
easy reference to a wide range of information, including
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Clear examples of behaviors that would comply with or violate enforceable
standards
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A brief overview of the history behind the Ethics Code, enforcement of the
code, professional liability issues, and the relationship between ethics and
law
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Flagging of standards that represent significant new directions in ethics
regulation and enforcement as compared with the previous code
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Integration throughout the text of the implications of the Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) for compliance with numerous
standards
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Easy identification of standards relevant to forensic practice, school
psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, use of the Internet,
prescription privileges, military and police psychology, and managed care
Decoding the Ethics Code
ill help new and established psychologists, psychology professors, students in
graduate psychology programs, other mental health professionals, and the public
understand and apply the new Ethics Code to their unique circumstances.
Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling:
A Practical Guide by Kenneth S. Pope, Melba J. T. Vasquez (Jossey-Bass)
Written for mental health professionals,
Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling
provides comprehensive guidance in areas in which
ethical dilemmas occur. It offers insights into confronting and honoring the
ethical responsibilities inherent in the day-to-day work of mental health
practitioners. Guide to
the complexities of modern-day ethics. For psychologists in practice and those
teaching courses and workshops in ethics.
Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling
gives guidance in areas in which ethical dilemmas occur and offers insights into
confronting and honoring the ethical responsibilities inherent in the work of
mental health practitioners. Explores issues of informed consent, sexual and
nonsexual relationships with clients, cultural difference, and confidentiality.
Includes appendices of codes of conduct and ethical principles for
psychologists, and guidelines for ethical counseling in a managed care
environment.
"An excellent blend of case law, research evidence, down-to-earth principles,
and practical examples from two authors with outstanding expertise. Promotes
valuable understanding through case illustrations, self-directed exercises, and
thoughtful discussion of such issues as cultural diversity."—Dick Suinn,
president-elect 1998, American Psychological Association
"The second edition of this unique volume provides invaluable ethical guidance
for psychologists engaged in professional practice. The scenarios and
accompanying questions will prove especially helpful to those who offer courses
and workshops concerned with ethics in psychology." —Charles D. Spielberger,
former president, American Psychological Association; distinguished research
professor of psychology,
"Pope and Vasquez have taken an excellent text to the next level. This book is
outstanding in its comprehensiveness and its currency. Its accessible style
makes it useful for students as well as experienced professionals and a must for
ethics courses." —Beverly Greene, professor of psychology,
"A wonderful, helpful guide to the complexities of modern-day ethics. As hard as
it is to imagine, this revision of their landmark text is even more timely,
insightful, and important." —Patrick DeLeon, past-recording secretary, American
Psychological Association
"A wise and useful book that should be in every practitioner's library and be
required in all clinical and counseling training programs."—David Mills, former
director, APA Ethics Office
"A splendid book. . . . This is essential reading for all those in psychotherapy
and related fields." —Clifford Stromberg, partner, healthcare law,
Ethics for Psychologists: A Commentary on the Apa Ethics Code by Mathilda B. Canter, Bruce E. Bennett, Stanley E. Jones, Thomas F. Nagy (American Psychological Association (APA)
Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases by Patricia C. Keith-Spiegel, Gerald P. Koocher (McGraw-Hill) is a graduate level textbook on the subject of ethical dilemmas in counseling. The authors definitely meet their goal in exploring the APA's Ethical guidelines and applying them pratically to the practicing therapist and academic. Their use of humorous "psuedo-psychologists" illustrate well the problem of many counselors who get themselves into ethical dilemmas each year innocently. I believe every therapist and academic should read this book at least once a year in order to minimize the ethical issues that are a part of everyday practice. Non-APA practitioners may find the book slanted toward doctoral-level therapists being the minimum for competence but there is great wisdom in this book.
Now in a new edition,
Ethics in Psychology,
considers many of the ethical questions and dilemmas that psychologists
encounter in their everyday practice, research, and teaching. The book has been
completely updated in response to evolving trends in psychological research and
practice, as well as extensive changes in the American Psychological
Association's ethics code. Taking a practical, commonsense approach to ethics in
modern-day psychological practice, this useful book offers constructive means
for both preventing problems and resolving ethical predicaments. This new
edition retains the key features that have contributed to its popularity,
including extensive case studies that provide illustrative guidance on a wide
variety of topics, such as fee setting, advertising for clients, research
ethics, sexual attraction, classroom ethics, managed care issues,
confidentiality, and much more.
Whether one's interests lie in psychological practice, counseling, research, or
the classroom, psychologists today must deal with a broad range of ethical
issues--from charging fees to maintaining a client's confidentiality, and from
conducting research to respecting clients, colleagues, and students.
Now in a new edition,
Ethics in Psychology,
the most widely read and cited ethics textbook in psychology, considers many of
the ethical questions and dilemmas that psychologists encounter in their
everyday practice, research, and teaching. The book has been completely updated
in response to evolving trends in psychological research and practice, as well
as extensive changes in the American Psychological Association's ethics code.
Taking a practical, common sense approach to ethics in modern-day psychological
practice, this useful book offers constructive means for both preventing
problems and resolving ethical predicaments. This new edition retains the key
features which have contributed to its popularity, including extensive case
studies that provide illustrative guidance on a wide variety of topics, such as
fee setting, advertising for clients, research ethics, sexual attraction,
classroom ethics, managed care issues, confidentiality, and much more. Highly
readable, the book unites an accessible style with humorous anecdotes that
highlight the human side of ethics and make the book a pleasure to read.
Ethics in Psychology
has proven to be an indispensable guide to ethical decision-making for
practicing psychologists and students in psychology
Confidentiality: Ethical Perspectives and Clinical Dilemmas edited by
Charles Levin, Allannah Furlong, Mary Kay O'Neil (The
Analytic Press) What is sometimes described with alarm as the "crisis of
confidentiality" has been brewing for some years; but there has also been a
concomitant trend that is equally alarming: the flaccid response of the
mental-health professions themselves. The sense that psychoanalysts in
particular, who tend to be so knowing about the importance of confidentiality,
were missing the boat on this issue was an important spur to the decision by
the IPA and the Canadian Psychoanalytic Society to cosponsor a conference
sharing the podiums and the workshops with professionals and academics from
other fields, on an equal footing. Participants from other fields included a
justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, the president of the Law Commission of
Canada, the presidents of the Human Rights Commission and of the Information
Access Commission of Quebec, members of Parliament, the Rector and
Vice-Chancellor of Concordia University, the McGill University ombudsperson, the
privacy advocate of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the chief
ethicist of the Canadian Medical Association, representatives from major law
firms, administrators and legal representatives of public and parapublic
social-service organizations, prominent legal scholars from all across North
America, and philosophers and ethicists from North America, Europe, and Israel.
Thinking in
public about the conditions of its own practice is relatively new for
psychoanalysis. Critics of psychoanalysis have tended to characterize it as a
secretive "movement," pointing to the "apostolic" nature of its early
organizational structure and to its still relatively exclusive system of
training (Gellner, 1985). These criticisms have been echoed in recent years by
psychoanalysts themselves (Kernberg, 1986; Eisold, 1994). Among outside critics,
moreover, there is a widespread, related perception of confidentiality as a
disingenuous ethical rationale for evading scientific and public scrutiny. To
overcome these not entirely unjustified impressions, psychoanalysis has had to
recognize and to acknowledge its somewhat eccentric and therefore vulnerable
status within the world of science and society.
The challenge will be to give a credible accounting of this eccentricity
without retreating once again into passive isolation and defensive hermeticism.
The task is hard because the material with which psychoanalysts work tends to
fall outside the conventional domain of scientific and commonsense objects,
gravitating to areas of subjective experience traditionally associated with
notions of romantic inspiration, "madness," and the soul. In premodern
societies, these domains were the preserve of bards, seers, mystics, and
priests, liminal figures who normally acted under cover of poetic license or
divine authority. In sharp contrast, psychoanalysis provides no such exculpating
disclaimer, preferring to stand or fall on its own merits as an integral part of
the contemporary-knowledge project in the ordinary enlightenment sense. It is a
difficult area in which to do research and practice-a field in which the
intimacy of the clinical encounter generates very particular and odd ethical
requirements. Yet the profession does not present itself as an unfathomable
mystery about which noninitiates have nothing worthwhile to say.
Robert
Wallerstein (1976) once remarked on the "inextricable intertwining of scientific
endeavour with ethical and moral presuppositions and implications" (p. 369).
Such intermingling may be generally true of all fields of inquiry, but there
are reasons to think that it is a special problem for psychoanalysis. Normally,
the intertwining of which Wallerstein spoke is not so "inextricable" that
technical or scientific arguments and reasons cannot be distinguished fairly
clearly from ethical arguments and reasons. This is not so easy to do in
psychoanalysis. The relationship between clinical and ethical considerations in
psychoanalysis seems to be so symbiotic that an analyst is likely to find
himself offering clinical rather than ethical reasons for making an ethical
decision. This reliance on clinical justifications for ethical precepts is
typical of the in-house debates over confidentiality. Because ethical guidelines
in psychoanalysis tend be derived from the clinical specifics of psychoanalytic
practice rather than from philosophical first principles, consistency in the
terms of debate is difficult to achieve. For example, sharply contrasting
positions on the ethics of reporting analyses in psychoanalytic training may be
grounded in similar considerations of clinical effectiveness and responsibility.
Therapeutic and scientific arguments have been advanced both in opposition to
and in favor of obtaining informed consent for the publication of case material
(Stoller, 1988).
If the
deciding factor in the ethics of psychoanalysis is often the clinical
implications of the decision rather than its formal ethical significance, is
the opposite ever true? Are clinical or scientific decisions made for primarily
ethical reasons in psychoanalysis, as they often are in medical practice or
physical research? The answer, here, is also less clear than it may be in other
fields. To be sure, decisions about research in psychoanalysis have been
profoundly affected by ethical considerations, but these in turn may have been
generated by therapeutic factors, such as concerns about the effect of certain
informationgathering methods, for example, the intrusiveness of tape recording,
on the treatment process itself.
Another
important example of ambiguity has to do with the "limits" of confidentiality
itself: should confidentiality be broken in cases of danger to the patient or
possible harm to another, such as suicide, homicide, or child abuse? The common
strategy is to view this dilemma as a conflict between the interests of the
individual (the patient) and the interests of society. This is not always
helpful, though, because the patient's health should also count as a paramount
interest of society, as does the security of the psychotherapeutic treatment
(Jaffee v. Redmond, 1996). Moreover, restricting ourselves to the patient's
interests is problematic since the patient may not know what his best interests
are. A good example of just how ethically uncertain such apparently
straightforward situations may be in psychotherapy is the famous Tarasoff case,
which lies at the root of the existing reporting laws and informs legal notions
of a psychotherapist's "duty to warn" and "duty to protect" in North America. It
is not widely known that the Tarasoff decision never resulted in a trial; the
parties settled out of court once the tribunal held that a therapist could in
principle be held liable if he failed to warn a potential victim of a client's
dangerous intentions. Even less well-known about this case is that the treating
psychologist did in fact break confidentiality and report his patient's murder
threats to the police, though not the victim to be (Slovenko, 1990). The patient
left treatment as a result of this betrayal and committed the murder two months
later. Would "society" have been better served if the patient's confidentiality
had been respected and he had remained in treatment? Was the breach of
confidentiality in this case actually in violation of all the significant
values at stake: the aims of treatment (to heal), the interest of society
(public safety), and the interest of the patient's victim (to remain alive) ?
It is
difficult to disentangle ethical and clinical reasoning in psychoanalysis for
two main reasons, which distinguish psychoanalysis from virtually every other
profession, even within the mental health field. First, the patient and the
analyst are necessarily involved in an intense intersubjective relationship in
which the roles of transference and countertransference cannot be set aside for
treatment purposes because they are precisely the "stuff' of the treatment
process. Second, the psychoanalyst is bound, clinically and ethically, to
nurture the expression of unconscious mental life and to protect it. Both of
these unique conditions tend to encourage a confusing, but in principle,
defensible
blending of the clinical and the ethical strands of reasoning in many vital
areas of psychoanalytic work where confidentiality is concerned. The
consequence, however, is that fundamental precepts and policies in
psychoanalytic ethics remain provisional and highly controversial.
In the
ethics of confidentiality, psychoanalysis is still at the "datagathering
stage." Indeed, as all the chapters in this volume make clear, psychoanalysis is
still in the process of defining the terms and boundaries of the ethical debate.
Numerous basic orientation questions remain unanswered. Is there an ethics
intrinsic to psychoanalysis, and, if so, to what extent can it legitimately
supersede more widely accepted bioethical principles and procedures of ethics?
Can psychoanalysis be, in some limited but meaningful sense, outside the law?
How can the inevitable tensions between professional ethics and public law best
be adjudicated from a psychoanalytic point of view? Moreover, what do
psychoanalysts really mean when they say that treatment is confidential? Are
they referring to a contract between two parties, and, if so, does the patient
have the right to abrogate this contract? Does the contract imply ownership
rights? Is confidentiality more like a sacred duty, as seems to be implied in
the Hippocratic oath, a kind of mystical commitment to the patient about which
only psychoanalysts can speak? Or is this esoteric connotation actually an
allusion to much broader but hitherto poorly explicated notions about the
conditions of professional life, a sort of "culture" of confidentiality whose
parameters extend beyond the psychoanalytic dyad? Finally, whether
confidentiality operates within or beyond the law, whether it is a form of
contract, a moral obligation, or a professional ethos, why is it so important
for psychoanalytic treatment? Is the need for the patient's trust a sufficient
or credible explanation? What is the evidence for this claim, and how compelling
is it to a disinterested observer? Does the practice of confidentiality have
deeper roots in psychological development and even the biology of the brain?
Does it in some way reflect the essential conditions of thought (Aulagnier,
1986)?
The editors
of this volume and its contributors are not aware of any ideal method of
ordering the many questions and topics that comprise the contemporary debate
about confidentiality. To make things easier for the reader, we have supplied
each chapter with a brief editorial note, an approach that seems less cumbersome
than a lengthy summary of the entire book and all its varied contents. The
chapters are grouped under four separate sections (Thinking about
Confidentiality; Dilemmas in Treatment, Research, and Training; Clinical
Practice; and Professional Ethics and the Law) that we hope are self-explanatory
and thematically consistent. It was felt, however, that Section 3, Clinical
Practice, deserved further contextualization. This section has been provided
with a separate introduction of its own, in recognition of the vital role of
research in ethics, and of the sensitive position in which clinical reporters
place themselves when addressing the public.
The reader
should not enter this volume expecting a consensus. Our history as a profession
does not provide the prerequisites for such a simple state of affairs. In 1965,
Anne Hayman of the British Psychoanalytical Society was ordered to testify about
someone who was alleged to be her analysand. She refused even to state whether
or not the individual in question was in treatment with her (Hayman, 1965).
Sadly, her legendary example did not alter the disposition of the law, or even
of the psychoanalytic profession, toward the question of confidentiality. The
latter was not placed high on the psychoanalytic agenda of problems to be
addressed until quite recently. The wake-up call came 30 years after Hayman's
stand, mainly from two sources: the publication of a ground-breaking study by
Christopher Bollas and David Sundelson, The New Informants (1995), and the
American Psychoanalytic Association's amicus curiae brief to the United States
Supreme Court in Jaffee v. Redmond (1996). Since then, much r work has been
accomplished; but if there is a consensus among the contributors to this book,
it is that there is much work still to be done, not only in the form of research
but also in terms of the internal organization of psychoanalysis, as well as in
the appropriate public forums.
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