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Past Minds: Studies in Cognitive Historiography by Luther Martin and Jesper Sorensen (Religion, Cognition, Culture: Equinox) How do historians understand the minds, motivations, intentions of historical agents? What might evolutionary and cognitive theorizing contribute to this work? What is the relation between natural and cultural history? Historians have been intrigued by such questions ever since publication in 1859 of Darwin's The Origin of Species, itself the historicization of biology. This interest reemerged in the latter part of the twentieth century among a number of biologists, philosophers and historians, reinforced by the new interdisciplinary finding of cognitive scientists about the universal capacities of and constraints upon human minds. The studies in this volume, primarily by historians of religion, continue this discussion by focusing on historical examples of ancient religions as well as on the theoretical promises and problems relevant to that study. More

The Theatre of Diokaisareia (Diokaisareia in Kilikien) by Marcello Spanu (Walter de Gruyter) The theatre of Diokaisareia (today Uzuncaburc) located in the Roman province of Cilicia (Turkey) has been studied within the German Archaeological Research Project directed by Detlev Wannagat. This volume offers a thorough historical and architectural analysis of the building erected in the second half of the 2nd century AD. The text is complemented by an extended collection of figures and plates, providing a detailed graphic and photographic documentation and reconstruction. This is an important contribution to the study of roman theatres and architectural decoration in Asia Minor. More

Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: A selected annotated bibilography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, revised and updated to 2003 by Julie G. Marshall (Routledge) This bibliography is a record of British relations with Tibet in the period 1765 to 1947. As such it also involves British relations with Russia and China, and with the Himalayan states of Ladakh, Lahul and Spiti, Kumaon and Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, in so far as British policy towards these states was affected by her desire to establish relations with Tibet. It also covers a subject of some importance in contemporary diplomacy. It was the legacy of unresolved problems concerning Tibet and its borders, bequeathed to India by Britain in 1947, which led to border disputes and ultimately to war between India and China in 1962. These borders are still in dispute today. It also provides background information to Tibet's claims to independence, an issue of current importance. The work is divided into a number of sections and subsections, based on chronology, geography and events. The introductions to each of the sections provide a condensed and informative history of the period and place the books and articles in their historical context. Most entries are also annotated. This work is therefore both a history and a bibliography of the subject, and provides a rapid entry into a complex area for scholars in the fields of international relations and military history as well as Asian history.

Julie G. Marshall is a research associate in Asian Studies at La Trobe University in Melbourne where she was formerly Head Reference Librarian. She has published numerous bibliographic works in the field of social sciences and has travelled widely in the Himalayan Region including Tibet. More

The Secret History of Dreaming by Robert Moss (New World Library) Evolution, Science, Religion, Literature, War, Politics, Medicine, and Survival — How Dreams Drive the Human Adventure

What do the first major oil discovery in Kuwait, Mark Twain’s fiction, and Harriet Tubman’s success conducting slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad have in common? They were all experienced first in dreams.  More

Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality, Translated from the Original Maya Text edited, translated by Allen J. Christenson (University of Okalahoma Press) Popol Vuh, the Quiché Mayan book of creation, is not only the most important text in the native languages of the Americas, it is also an extraordinary document of the human imagination. It begins with the deeds of Mayan gods in the darkness of a primeval sea and ends with the radiant splendor of the Mayan lords who founded the Quiché kingdom in the Guatemalan highlands. Originally written in Mayan hieroglyphs, it was transcribed into the Roman alphabet in the sixteenth century. The poetic edition of Dennis Tedlock's unabridged, widely praised translation includes new notes and commentary, newly translated passages, newly deciphered hieroglyphs, and over forty new illustrations. Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition Of The Mayan Book Of The Dawn Of Life by Dennis Tedlock (Touchstone) still has the poetic panash if not the up–to-the-minute variants based on recent scholarship   The Popol Vuh is the most important example of Maya literature to have survived the Spanish conquest. It is also one of the world's great creation accounts, comparable to the beauty and power of Genesis.  More

After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies edited by Glenn M. Schwartz, John J. Nichols (University of Arizona Press) From the Euphrates Valley to the southern Peruvian Andes, early complex societies have risen and fallen, but in some cases they have also been reborn. Prior archaeological investigation of these societies has focused primarily on emergence and collapse. After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies is the first book-length work to examine the question of how and why early complex urban societies have reappeared after periods of decentralization and collapse. More

Engagement in Teaching History: Theory and Practices for Middle and Secondary Teachers by Frederick D. Drake, Lynn R. Nelson (Merrill Prentice Hall) This book offers a wealth of ideas for prospective teachers of history, from the selection of content to methods of instruction and ways to assess pupils'{ learning. Coverage advocates the use of a systematic approach to improving learners' “historical thinking.” It offers guidelines for involving learners in historical inquiry, teaching toward chronological thinking, encouraging deliberative discussions, and using primary sources/historical documents to ignite pupils' innate “detective” instincts and engage them in solving historical problems. For middle/secondary school science teachers, educators and aids. More

The Suffering of the Immigrant by Abdelmalek Sayad (Polity Press) This work of outstanding originality is a powerful account of the nature of immigration and the condition of the immigrant in our societies today. It represents the synthesis of twenty years' of research on immigration and emigration, two processes that are, by their nature, as inseparable as the two sides of a coin, yet so different in appearance that we are led to believe that one can be understood without reference to the other. By highlighting the intrinsic relationship between these two phenomena, Abdelmalek Sayad - an Algerian sociologist and close associate of Pierre Bourdieu - succeeds in providing a comprehensive and illuminating account of the nature of immigration and the lives of immigrants in the West. More

Towards a New Map of Africa Edited by Ben Wisner, Camilla Toulmin, Rutendo Chitiga (Earthscan Publications) The year 2005 has seen Africa take centre stage on the global political agenda. The Blair Commission on Africa report was launched in March and was the focus of attention at the meeting of G8 heads of government in Scotland in July. The review of the Millennium Declaration`in September at the UN General Assembly will highlight the particular difficulties faced by many African countries in making progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. In November, the 13th Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention will be hosted in Montreal, which will provide yet clearer evidence for the damaging and escalating impacts of climate Ichange on the security and livelihoods of people around the world. Foremost among those affected are communities in the least developing countries, mainly in Africa. And, in December, in Hong Kong we hope the World Trade Organization will agree a timetable for phasing out by rich country governments of subsidies on farm production and export of food-stuffs. More

Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class by William A. V. Clark (Guilford Press) Text uses statistical data to evaluate who today's immigrants are, where they live, and what levels of success they are achieving in social, economic, and occupational realms. For scholars and students in geography, sociology, planning, and ethnic studies; and policymakers and professionals interested in changing the face of the American middle class. DLC: Immigrants--United States. More

Humanism and Creativity in the Renaissance: Essays in Honor of Ronald G. Witt edited by Christopher S. Celenza, Kenneth Gouwens (Brill's Studies in Intellectual History: Brill Academic Publishers) comprises original contributions from 17 scholars whose work and careers Ronald Witt has touched in myriad ways. Intellectual, social, and political historians, a historian of philosophy and an art historian: specialists in various temporal and geographical regions of the Renaissance world here address specific topics reflecting some of the major themes that have woven their way through Ronald Witt’s intellectual cursus. While some essays offer fresh readings of canonical texts and explore previously unnoticed lines of filiation among them, others present "discoveries," including a hitherto "lost" text and overlooked manuscripts that are here edited for the first time. Engagement with little-known material reflects another of Witt's distinguishing characteristics: a passion for original sources. The essays are gathered under three rubrics: (1) "Politics and the Revival of Antiquity"; (2) "Humanism, Religion, and Moral Philosophy"; and (3) "Erudition and Innovation."  More

Ecstatic Transformation: On the Uses of Alterity in the Middle Ages by Michael Uebel (The New Middle Ages: Palgrave Macmillan) studies the manner in which medieval ways of knowing the Oriental "other" were constructed around the idea of a utopic East as located in the legend and Letter of Prester John (c. 1160). The birth of utopic thinking, it argues, is tied to an understanding of alterity having as much to do with the ways the medieval West understood itself as the manner in which the foreign was mapped. Drawing upon the insights of cultural studies, film studies, and psychoanalysis, this book rethinks the contours of the known and the unknown in the medieval period. It demonstrates how the idea of otherness intersected in intricate ways with other categories of difference (spatial, gender, and religious). Scholars in the fields of history as well as literary and religious studies will be interested in the manner in which the book considers the formal dimensions of how histories of the Oriental "other" were written and lived. More

Secret Societies Of The Middle Ages: The Assassins, Templars & the Secret Tribunals of Westphalia by Thomas Keightley, James Wasserman (Weiser Books) explores the foundations of modern secret societies, examining the history and known facts of three very different organizations. More

Jean Potocki-Oeuvres II: Voyage a Astrakan Et Sur LA Ligne De Caucase - Memoire Sur L'Ambassade En Chine edited by F. Rosset, D. Triaire (La Republique Des Lettres, 12: Peeters) Après les voyages a l'Ouest (Turquie, Egypte, Hollande, Maroc, Basse-Saxe: voir le volume I de notre edition), Jean Potocki tourne ses regards vers l'Orient: en 1797, il parcourt le Caucase; en 1805, it prend la route de la Chine et vers 1811, il s'enthousiasme pour la Crimée. Ces trois voyages don­nerent lieu a relation. Le texte du Voyage a Astrakan et sur la ligne du Caucase suit ici pour la première fois le manuscrit original; il est augmenté du journal adressé a Stanislas Auguste, roi de Pologne, exile a Saint-Petersbourg. Le Mémoire sur l'ambassade en Chine est suivi du Rapport sur les activités des savants places sous la direction de Potocki pendant l'ambassade. Enfin le petit texte sur le projet immobilier de Sophio-polis n'avait plus ete publié depuis sa parution confidentielle au debut du xixe siècle. More

Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History  by Romila Thapar (Verso) An explosive account, drawing together and placing in context the many interpretations of a pivotal moment in Indian history, which dispels the myths and inventions of Hindu nationalism. More

World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change and Continuity by Peter N. Stearns (Longman Publishing Group) With a brief, global approach, this book seeks to show how different civilizations developed in a global context, and then encountered the various forces of contemporary life. This book presents the big picture of world history, highlighting the major developments in the world's history and presenting the global interactions of major civilizations. The book explores world history to the present, showing how different civilizations developed in a global context and then encountered the various forces of contemporary life. For anyone interested in world history.

World history courses are steadily gaining world ground at the college level for several reasons. Global issues dominate our newspapers, television screens, and computer monitors daily. Americans must gain a perspective on the dynamics of these issues and understand the diverse societies around the globe that help shape them and our future. History—even history that might seem rather remote—explains how the world became what it is now, including why global influences loom larger than ever before. Global issues are at work even within the United States, since it is increasingly a nation of people of different heritages from around the world. Finally, world history raises some classic issues of historical interpretation, allowing its students to sharpen their understanding of how to interpret change and historical causation and providing a rich field for comparative analysis. Some educators still prefer to concentrate on Western civi­lization, arguing that it lies at our origins and, sometimes, that it is measurably superior. Although Western heritage must be included in any study of world history, it is increasingly clear that a purely Western interpretation cannot describe the world as we need to know it.

World History in Brief now entering its fifth edition, has always had two goals. The first is to pre-sent a truly global approach to world history. This is accomplished through the focus on forces that cut across individual societies, through a balanced treatment of major societies themselves, and through invitations to comparisons on a global scale. The second goal is brevity and manageability. It is no secret that many world history texts are large and demand a major commitment from instructors and students. World History in Brief offers an alternative. Its length is compatible with a serious treatment of the major issues in world history, but it is concise enough to set aside time for careful analysis and to use with other types of materials beyond the textbook. The purpose here is allowing instructors and students to have some cake while eating it: to have the advantages of a coherent textbook overview, but the opportunity also to spend serious time with documents and with other kinds of historical scholarship.

World history demands a commitment to a global rather than a Western-centered approach. World History in Brief shows how different civilizations have encountered the various forces of life—for example, population growth, economic changes, and international currents in diplomacy and art—over the centuries. Western civilization is included as one of the major world societies, but east Asian, Indian, Middle Eastern, east European, African, and Latin American civilizations are all subjects of study in order to achieve a gen­uine worldwide perspective. World history also demands a balance between the examination of individual societies, within which the lives of most people are played out, and attention to the larger interactions across regional boundaries. These global interactions include trade, cultural contact, migrations, and disease. World History in Brief presents the major civilizations through a narrative overview combined with emphasis on regional and global political, cultural, social, and economic characteristics and trends. A grasp of these characteristics, in turn, facilitates compar­isons and assessments of change.

World History in Brief is also designed to inspire additional readings and analytical exercises. World history teaching must follow the precedent of other survey history courses in reducing the emphasis on coverage and sheer memorization in favor of materials that provide facts that can be used to build larger understandings. Overwhelming detail, therefore, is not the chief goal of this book. Instead, World History in Brief presents enough data to facilitate comparison and assessment of changes and to highlight major develop­ments in the world's history Students can readily refer to large reference works if they wish to follow up on themes of special interest with greater factual detail. For this purpose, a list of suggested readings and Web sites follows each chapter.

Chronological divisions—the basic periods of world history—reflect successive stages of international contact, from relative isolation to regional integration to the formation of global systems. This peri­odization is not conveniently tidy for the whole of world history, but it captures the leading dynamics of change at the global level. World History in Brief focuses on six major periods. The first involves the early features of human development, particularly the emergence of agriculture and civilization as a form of organization. The second examines the great classical societies from 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. and their relationships with surrounding regions. The third, the postclassical period, from 500 to 1450 C.E., highlights the emergence of new contacts in trade and culture, the spread of world reli­gions, and the development of civilizations in new as well as established centers. The fourth, the early modern period, from 1450—1750 C.E., treats the new world role of Europe, but also the diverse and often quite independent developments in many other societies. The fifth period emphasizes the age of European industrialization and imperialism in the "long" 19th century and again the opportunity for varied reactions. The emergence of a new period in world history in the twentieth century draws the text to a close. In all these periods, major themes are carefully defined, as a springboard for assessing the interactions of individual societies with more global forces and as a basis for both comparison and discussions of change and continuity over time.

Using the global focus plus international peri­odization, students can follow the themes of change and continuity across time and compara­tive analysis. For example, we can track and com­pare the juxtaposition of the traditions and novel forces that have shaped the modern world; the response of China or Latin America to the issues of the modern state; or the conditions of women in developing and industrial economies. How different societies respond to common issues and contacts, and how these issues and contacts change over time—this is the framework for examining world history. By focusing on these problems of comparison and assessment of change, the text uses the leading patterns of world history to provide experience in analysis that will apply to other historical studies beyond a survey.

World History in Brief is the most accessible world history text available in the market. Its brevity allows instructors and students flexibility about what additional readings will be included in their study of world history. The text focuses only on substantive topics, so students understand major themes and developments in world history rather than memorizing an array of unconnected facts. The text is organized chronologically by civilizations, allowing for easy and orderly understand­ing by students. A number of features distinguish World History in Brief and they have been carefully constructed over five editions.

History Debates, now included in every chap-ter, offer students a brief synopsis (usually two paragraphs long) of some topic over which his­torical debate currently rages. Among the many topics explored are the causes of the abo­lition of slavery; women in patriarchal societies; the contributions of nomads; the political

implications of Islam; how Western is Latin America; and consumerism and industrialization. Students are given an opportunity to see that the discipline of world history is focused on actively debating the past.

An increased number of World Profiles (for­merly Biographical Portraits) provide additional emphasis on the human component of world history through biographies. These profiles explore the history of an individual and how his or her story illuminates aspects of his or her society or a particular cultural interaction.

The Understanding Cultures sections have been augmented, to help students explore specific cultural issues in world history, such as the role of cultures in causing historical changes, the nature of cultural contact, the unique cultural features of particular societies, and the interac­tion of social and economic forces.

Key Questions, appearing after each chapter's introduction, provide students guidance, help­ing them to focus on the major issues they will grapple with as they read the chapter.

Issues and Connections, at the end of each chapter, help return the focus to interpretive questions students may find both challenging and fundamental. The "issues" segments cast a glance back over the chapter in terms of what problems need to be thought through, with the goal of expanding active learning beyond memorization. The "connections" part goes further, in calling attention to ways developments covered in the chapter link to current patterns in world history—for history does shape the present, and it is important to deal with the connections recurrently, not just at the end of the course. In the final time period (20th—21st centuries), the connections are reversed, pointing to features from the past that still show up in the present.

Contacts and Identities, at the end of each chronological part, deal with the main contacts and shared forces among major societies during the period discussed in the part and how the identities of these individual soci­eties were shaped and maintained in the face of these contacts and larger influences. Here is an ongoing tension in world history, the specifics of which evolve over time. The contacts focus provides historical context for discussions of globalization, now a key part of the book's chronological section.

The third basis for revision involves better reflecting gains in world historical understanding. New chapters (1—3) on "Human Prehistory to the Rise of Agriculture," "Early Civilizations," and "Nomadic Societies," provide students with a better framework for understanding the key early developments in world history, the nature of early civilizations, and nomadic societies. The chapter order in the early modern period has been altered to emphasize the world economy. Discussions of Asia, particularly, have been modified to recognize the continent's complex role in a world economy too often seen in terms of purely Western domination. Chapter order has also been rationalized concerning the long 19th century. Throughout, additional attention is given to social history, including issues of gender but also developments, such as consumerism, where knowledge is advancing steadily.

Unsettled Boundaries: Fraser Gold and the British-American Northwest by Robert E. Ficken (Washington State University Press) Gold fever. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 recognized the 49th parallel as the mainland border between the United States and British-held territory in the Pacific Northwest. Real disputes began in 1858 with the discovery of gold along the Fraser River, a nearly impenetrable wilderness.

In Unsettled Boundaries, author Robert E. Ficken recounts the story of hordes of American prospectors, as well as several thousand British and Chinese miners, who raced to the mainland British Pacific Northwest on every form of transportation possible, hoping to "strike it rich." Even so, mining continued until simple fur trading posts were transformed into settlements, and finally, into civilization, making the Fraser River experience one of the major developments in Pacific Northwest history. Fricken, the highly acclaimed author of numerous books and articles about the Pacific Northwest, tells of the extreme hardships they faced, and the determination of some to prevail over brutal weather and the lack of supplies.

Ficken, also illustrates how "socially undisciplined" frontiersmen and a conglomeration of a few fur-trading posts and forts, initially without any formal governance, became the core of civilization, and describes the pivotal roles played by Sir James Douglas and the Hudson's Bay Company. "There was much excitement among the men," reported Governor James Douglas. “The 180 packhorses led into the post, after all, carried furs – beaver, mink, otter, fox, and several bearskins – valued at $300,000. More to the point, the downriver party came face to unexpected face with the thousands of prospectors who had, in a matter of weeks, rushed up from the sea to hunt for gold. The main­land British Pacific Northwest, a region so obviously insignificant to the home government that there was no official local administration, was transformed into a wet-weather El Dorado, the apparent successor to the California Sierra.”

Ficken relates how United States and British governments avoided serious military confrontation, and discusses how the native people reacted to the massive emigration into their homeland. Ultimately challenging often-held assumptions to the contrary, Unsettled Boundaries establishes the Fraser River event as one of the major developments in Pacific Northwest history, one that still impacts residents and travelers in the region on a daily basis. In a chronicle of how a collection of crude trading outposts, spurred on by the gold rush of 1858, grew into a fully functioning society, this absorb­ing history details the importance of an arbitrary line, the 49th parallel; various gold mining operations; how opposing forces and governments struggled to gain the upper hand; and how, eventually, the groundwork was laid to change wild, primitive country into civilization.

Still Life with Bombers : Israel in the Age of Terrorism by David Horovitz (Knopf) When peace talks between Palestinian and Israeli leaders collapsed at Camp David in 2000, a conflict as bloody as any that had ever occurred between the two peoples began. Now David Horovitz—editor of The Jerusalem Report—explores the quotidian and profound effects this conflict and its attendant terrorism have had on the lives of ordinary men, women and children. Horovitz describes the “grim lottery” of life in Israel since 2000. He makes clear that far from becoming blasé or desensitized, its citizens respond with deepening horror every time the front pages are disfigured by the rows of passport portraits presenting the faces of the newly dead. More

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West (Revised Edition) by William H. Leckie with Shirley A. Leckie ( University of Oklahoma Press ) Originally published in 1967, Leckie’s The Buffalo Soldiers was the first book of its kind to recognize the importance of African American units in the conquest of the West. In this revised edition, the authors, William H. Leckie, retired Vice President for Academic Affairs and Professor of History at the University of Toledo, and Shirley A. Leckie, Professor of History at the University of Central Florida, further explore the lives of buffalo soldiers in the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry Regiments, showing that they were increasingly confident in their fighting ability and, above all, determined to prove themselves worthy of their newly entitled citizenship. More

Tramp in America by Tim Cresswell (Reaktion) provides the first account of the invention of the tramp as a social type in the United States from the i 870s through the 193os. Tim Cresswell considers the ways in which the figure of the tramp was imagined and described and how, by the Second World War, it was being reclassified, renamed and rendered invisible. He describes the `tramp scare' of the late nineteenth century in terms of the major factors that influenced the tramp's existence: the political and economic climate, the technology of the railroad and the after-effects of the Civil War. He then explores various stereotypes associated with tramps - for example, the assumption that they were invariably male and therefore a threat to women in domestic environments. Another stereotype prevalent in medical discourse saw tramps as untrustworthy, diseased and of unsound heredity, thus suggesting reasons for their exclusion from democratic processes. Cresswell also examines tramps as comic figures and looks at the work of a number of prominent American photographers, among them Dorothea Lange, which signaled a sympathetic portrayal of this often-despised group. Perhaps most significantly, Tramp in America calls into question the common assumption that mobility played a central role in the production of American identity.
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The Twilight of Britain: Cultural Nationalism, Multi-Culturalism, and the Politics of Toleration by G. Gordon Betts (Transaction) The erosion of British sovereignty, national identity and culture, the subversion of its history and traditions, and the demoralization of its institutions and public services are a source of increasing unease to many. The process began, Betts argues, with the end of the colonial empires. Since the beginning of the last decade, concern about its consequences has been heightened by global instability. The demise of the Communist empire, the rise of national independence movements, and the eruption of longstanding and bitter ethno‑national conflicts have resulted in a mass migration of economic refugees and asylum seekers to Britain and other Western nations. More

Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century edited by Peter Le Fevre and Richard Harding (Stackpole) Although Nelson dominates the naval history of the late eighteenth century, in many respects his achievements marked the culmination of a developing tactical tradition in the Royal Navy. More

Certainty As a Social Metaphor: The Social and Historical Production of Certainty in China and the West by Min Lin (Contributions in Philosophy, No. 79; Greenwood Press) combines philosophy, the social theory of knowledge, and historical analysis to present a comprehensive study of the idea of certainty as defined in the Western and Chinese intellectual traditions. More

A Terrible Love of War by James Hillman (The Penguin Press) examination of the roots of man's primal love/hate relationship with war.
War is a timeless force in the human imagination-and, indeed, in daily life. If recent events have taught us anything, it`is that peacetime is not nearly so constant and attainable as wartime. During the 5,600 years of recorded history, 14,600 wars have been fought-2 to 3 for every year of human history. War is a constant thing. And yet no one really understands why that is.
In A Terrible Love of War, James Hillman, one of the central figures in psychology in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, fills this great void and undertakes a groundbreaking examination of the origins, needs, and rewards of war. Moreover, in this brilliant inquiry, Hillman explores many other essential questions, such as:  

• Is war a necessary part of our human soul and, therefore, a necessary part of our lives?

• Why do we need enemies?

• What scars does warfare carve on the psyche of its soldiers? And why does it have such a permanent effect?

• If war is such a "normal" part of our existence, why do we fear it so much? And alternately, how could we ever embrace a force so destructive, so wanton, and so inhuman?

• Can the impulse to engage in war be tamed?

Hillman asserts that "if we want war's horror to be abated so that life may go on, it is necessary to understand and imagine." A Terrible Love of War is a crucial tool to understanding war-a crucial book for us all.